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首頁 / 所有 / 行業(yè)資訊 / 航運減碳下一站：“氨”全路徑

，長期零碳排放主力

航運減碳下一站：“氨”全路徑
，長期零碳排放主力

2025/6/6

在航運業(yè)脫碳進程中，氨

、LNG

、甲醇因技術(shù)成熟度與減排潛力不同，形成了分階段發(fā)展的格局

。LNG：憑借較高的技術(shù)成熟度成為當前主流選擇

，但碳減排效果相對有限；甲醇：作為重要的過渡燃料

，技術(shù)成熟但綠醇產(chǎn)能不足

；氨：被視作實現(xiàn)長期零碳排放的主力，大規(guī)模應(yīng)用需實現(xiàn)綠氨降本與技術(shù)進一步突破

。

國際能源署在此前發(fā)布的《2050凈零路線圖》報告中強調(diào)

，氨是當前化學工業(yè)一大重要原料。在凈零排放情境下

，氨燃料相對較低的運輸成本和高能量密度

，在下游應(yīng)用潛力巨大。全球海運業(yè)便是一大重點領(lǐng)域

，到2050年氨燃料在海運能源需求中占比將達到45%左右（數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國能源報）

。

氨燃料

氨（NH?）因其不含碳元素、燃燒后僅產(chǎn)生水和氮氧化物的特性

，成為航運脫碳的“潛力股”

。氨燃料憑借其高能量密度（約18.6 MJ/kg）和成熟的生產(chǎn)、儲運體系

，在船舶上的應(yīng)用展現(xiàn)出了顯著的優(yōu)勢

。

1、環(huán)保效益高

氨不含碳分子

，在發(fā)動機中燃燒時不會產(chǎn)生二氧化碳

，從根本上避免了碳排放的問題

。同時，氨來源豐富且制備技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟

，可以利用風能和太陽能等可再生能源進行生產(chǎn)制備

。

2、體積能量密度較高

在液態(tài)下

，單位體積的氨燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量要比氫燃料高出近50%

。據(jù)悉，氨可以在1MPa左右的加壓罐中或在-34℃左右的低溫罐中儲存

。這可以在保證燃料充足的同時

，幫助遠洋船舶提高船體空間利用率。

、運輸成本低

當氨以液態(tài)被使用時

，儲存和輸送系統(tǒng)無需過于復(fù)雜，僅需對常規(guī)內(nèi)燃機進行微小改動

，改變壓縮比和更換耐腐蝕的管線即可

，大大降低了運營成本。

氨燃料船熱管理

氨的儲存

、輸送和燃燒均需進行溫度控制

，以避免氣化過快或液態(tài)氨結(jié)晶等問題。微通道換熱器在氨燃料船中的應(yīng)用具有很大的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢

，尤其在空間受限

、高效熱管理及耐高壓高溫場景下表現(xiàn)突出。

、氨燃料儲存與蒸發(fā)氣（BOG）管理

氨需在低溫（-33℃）或高壓下儲存

，微通道換熱器可通過緊湊設(shè)計高效維持儲罐溫度，減少蒸發(fā)氣生成

，同時處理BOG的再液化過程

。

2、燃料預(yù)處理與氣化

液氨需氣化后進入發(fā)動機燃燒

，微通道換熱器可通過精確控溫實現(xiàn)快速氣化

，避免因溫度波動影響燃燒效率，其高傳熱系數(shù)可大幅提升氣化效率

。

、燃燒系統(tǒng)余熱回收

氨燃料發(fā)動機的高溫廢氣需通過余熱回收系統(tǒng)發(fā)電或預(yù)熱燃料。微通道換熱器可選擇耐高溫合金材料（如鎳基合金）

，能夠在高溫下穩(wěn)定運行

，提升回收效率。

、排放控制系統(tǒng)

在選擇性催化還原（SCR）系統(tǒng)中

，微通道換熱器可快速調(diào)節(jié)反應(yīng)溫度

，優(yōu)化氨作為還原劑與氮氧化物的反應(yīng)效率，減少氨逃逸

。此外，其緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)便于集成到船舶狹窄的尾氣處理單元中

。

傳統(tǒng)換熱器難以滿足船舶空間緊湊

、工況復(fù)雜的需求，沈氏科技微通道換熱器耐高低溫

、體積小

、傳熱效率高的特點，是解決氨燃料船熱管理難題的理想選擇

。

全球氨燃料船項目進展提速

在2024年后

，全球范圍內(nèi)氨燃料船舶項目的發(fā)展開始加速，多艘氨燃料船舶訂單簽訂并將在近年內(nèi)交付

，其中中國船舶企業(yè)成為主要的氨船承建商（資料來源：氫云鏈）

。

1、全球首批氨燃料船隊：北海造船+揚州金陵承建全部9艘訂單

2025年3月24日

，日本航運巨頭商船三井宣布與比利時清潔技術(shù)公司CMB.TECH達成重磅合作

，共同投資建造全球首批9艘氨燃料動力船舶。這批船舶包括3艘大型散貨船和6艘化學品船

，并全部由中國船企承建

。

2、全球首艘純氨集裝箱船：中國船舶集團設(shè)計制造

挪威北海集裝箱航運公司（North Sea Container Line）與雅苒清潔氨公司（Yara Clean Ammonia）

，共同開發(fā)了全球首艘使用純氨作為燃料的集裝箱船

，并已獲得挪威Enova公司約4000萬挪威克朗（約合360萬美元）的資助，主要用于氨燃料推進系統(tǒng)的安裝

。2024年2月

，由比利時船東CMB.TECH將該船交由中國中國船舶集團有限公司旗下上海船舶研究設(shè)計院設(shè)計。該船計劃于2026年進入市場

，將在挪威和德國之間的航線上運營

。

3、全球首例液氨燃料動力油船：大連造船制造

2024年4月19日

，中國船舶大連造船與馬來西亞國際航運公司MISC集團旗下油輪公司AET在馬來西亞吉隆坡簽署了2艘液氨雙燃料動力阿芙拉型油船建造合同

。該型船能耗指標、載貨能力

、適配性等性能更為優(yōu)異

，搭載Win-GD液氨雙燃料動力主機，排放標準滿足IMO Tier III

，滿足EEDI第三階段要求

。

氨燃料船行業(yè)正處于快速發(fā)展的初級階段

，它代表了海運業(yè)向低碳未來轉(zhuǎn)型的一個重要方向。隨著技術(shù)創(chuàng)新

、政策支持和國際合作的不斷加強

，預(yù)計未來幾年內(nèi)，氨燃料船將從試點項目逐步過渡到更廣泛的商業(yè)應(yīng)用

。

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